Patellofemoral Instability
The knee can be divided into three compartments: patellofemoral, medial and lateral compartments. The patellofemoral compartment is the compartment in the front of the knee, between the kneecap and thighbone. The medial compartment is the area on the inside portion of the knee and the lateral compartment is the area on the outside portion of the knee joint. Patellofemoral instability means that the patella (kneecap) moves out of its normal pattern of alignment. This malalignment can damage the underlying soft structures such as muscles and ligaments that hold the knee in place.
Causes
Normally, the patella moves up and down within the trochlear groove when the knee is bent or straightened. Patellofemoral instability can be caused by variations in the shape of the patella or its trochlear groove as the knee bends and straightens. Normally, the patella moves up and down within the trochlear groove when the knee is bent or straightened. Patellofemoral instability occurs when the patella moves either partially (subluxation) or completely (dislocation) out of the trochlear groove.
A combination of factors can cause this abnormal tracking.
- Anatomical defect: Flat feet or fallen arches and congenital abnormalities in the shape of the patella bone can cause misalignment of the knee joint.
- Abnormal Q angle: The high Q angle (angle between the hips and knees) often results in maltracking of the patella, such as in patients with knock knees.
- Patellofemoral arthritis: Patellofemoral arthritis occurs when there is degeneration of the articular cartilage behind the kneecap. This can eventually lead to abnormal tracking of the patella.
- Improper muscle balance: Weak quadriceps (anterior thigh muscles) can lead to abnormal tracking of the patella, causing it subluxate or dislocate.
Young active individuals involved in sports activities are more prone to patellofemoral instability.
Symptoms
Patellofemoral instability causes pain when standing up from a sitting position and a feeling that the knee may buckle or give way. When the kneecap slips partially or completely, you may have severe pain, swelling, bruising, visible deformity and loss of function of the knee. You may also have sensational changes such as numbness or even partial paralysis below the dislocation because of pressure exerted on nerves and blood vessels.
Diagnosis
Your doctor evaluates the source of patellofemoral instability based on your medical history and physical examination. Other diagnostic tests such as X-rays, MRI and CT scan may be ordered to determine the cause of your knee pain and to rule out other conditions.
Treatment
Treatment may include conservative or surgical measures.
Conservative treatment
If your kneecap is only partially dislocated (subluxation), your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatments, such as pain medications, rest, ice, physiotherapy, knee-bracing and orthotics. If the kneecap has been completely dislocated, the kneecap may need to be repositioned back in its proper place in the groove. This process is called closed reduction.
Surgery
Surgery is sometimes needed to help return the patella to a normal tracking path when other nonsurgical treatments have failed. The aim of surgery is to realign the kneecap in the groove and decrease the Q angle.
Patellar realignment surgery is broadly classified into proximal re-alignment procedures and distal re-alignment procedures.
Proximal realignment procedures: During this procedure, structures that limit the movements on the outside of the patella are lengthened or ligaments on the inside of the patella are shortened.
Distal realignment procedures: During this procedure, the Q angle is decreased by moving the tibial tubercle towards the inner side of the knee.
The surgery is performed under sterile conditions in the operating room under spinal or general anaesthesia. Your surgeon makes two or three small cuts around your knee. An arthroscope, a narrow tube with a tiny camera on the end, is inserted through one of the incisions to view the knee joint. Specialised instruments are inserted into the joint through other small incisions. The camera attached to the arthroscope displays the image of the joint on the monitor. A sterile solution is pumped into your knee to stretch the knee and provide a clear view and room for your surgeon to work. With the images from the arthroscope as a guide, your surgeon can look for any pathology or anomaly and repair it through the other incisions with various instruments.
After the evaluation is completed, a larger incision is made over the front of the knee. Depending on your situation, a lateral retinacular release may be performed. In this procedure, the tight ligaments on the outer side of the knee are released, thus allowing the patella to sit properly in the femoral groove. Your surgeon may also tighten the tendons on the inside, or medial side of the knee to realign the quadriceps.
In cases where the malalignment is severe, a procedure called a tibial tubercle transfer (TTT) will be performed. In this procedure, a section of bone where the patellar tendon attaches to the tibia, is removed. This bony section is then shifted and properly realigned with the patella and reattached to the tibia using screws. Once the malalignment is repaired and confirmed with arthroscopic evaluation, the incisions are closed with sutures.
Postoperative care
Your doctor will recommend pain medications to relieve pain. To help reduce the swelling you will be instructed to elevate your leg and apply ice packs over the knee. Crutches are necessary for the first few weeks to prevent weightbearing on the knee. A knee immobiliser may be used to stabilise the knee. You will be instructed on the activities to be avoided and exercises performed for a faster recovery. A rehabilitation program may be advised for a speedy recovery.
Risks and complications
The possible risks and complications associated with the surgery include:
- Loss of ability to extend the knee
- Recurrent dislocations or subluxations
- Arthrofibrosis (thick fibrous material around the joint)
- Persistent pain
